Financial Time Series

AGNs can model how directional changes across multiple timeframes evolve into sustained trends, distinguishing structurally significant market moves from noise.

We recommend using higher frequency data compared to your target forecast horizon, as this leverages the architecture’s propagation methodology effectively (e.g., use 15 or 30 min data to model daily moves).

Key Concepts

Constructing a Multi-Timeframe Network

High-to-Low Frequency Propagation Assumption

Interpreting Trend Context

Interpreting Trend Signals

Request Processing

Data Structure

Input


{
"datetime": [
    "2005-08-30 00:00:00",
    "2005-08-31 00:00:00",
    "2005-09-01 00:00:00",
    "2005-09-02 00:00:00",
    "2005-09-05 00:00:00",
    ...,
    "2025-06-12 00:00:00",
    "2025-06-13 00:00:00",
    "2025-06-16 00:00:00",
    "2025-06-17 00:00:00",
    "2025-06-18 00:00:00"
],
"open": [
    5228.10009765625,
    5255.7998046875,
    5296.89990234375,
    5328.5,
    5326.7998046875,
    ...,
    8864.400390625,
    8884.900390625,
    8850.599609375,
    8875.2001953125,
    0.0
],
"high": [
    5270.2001953125,
    5300.0,
    5342.10009765625,
    5338.10009765625,
    5341.7998046875,
    ...,
    8896.900390625,
    8898.599609375,
    8902.400390625,
    8875.2001953125,
    0.0
],
"low": [
    5228.10009765625,
    5255.7998046875,
    5296.89990234375,
    5319.60009765625,
    5320.60009765625,
    ...,
    8843.599609375,
    8822.2001953125,
    8850.599609375,
    8809.900390625,
    0.0
],
"close": [
    5255.7998046875,
    5296.89990234375,
    5328.5,
    5326.89990234375,
    5337.7998046875,
    ...,
    8884.900390625,
    8850.599609375,
    8875.2001953125,
    8834.0,
    0.0
],
"interval": 1,
"interval_unit": "days",
"reasoning_mode": "reactive"
}

Output

{
"2007-10-11T00:00:00": {
    "trend_identified": 1.0
},
"2007-11-08T00:00:00": {
    "trend_identified": 1.0
},
"2007-11-14T00:00:00": {
    "trend_identified": 1.0
},
"2008-07-29T00:00:00": {
    "trend_identified": -1.0
},
"2008-08-07T00:00:00": {
    "trend_identified": -1.0
},

...

"2025-06-12T00:00:00": {
    "trend_identified": -1.0
},
"2025-06-13T00:00:00": {
    "trend_identified": -1.0
},
"2025-06-16T00:00:00": {
    "trend_identified": -1.0
},
"2025-06-17T00:00:00": {
    "trend_identified": -1.0
},
"2025-06-18T00:00:00": {
    "trend_identified": -1.0
}
}

Quick Start: Download Price Data

Yahoo Finance - AAPL Daily Price Data


import yfinance as yf
import pandas as pd

def daily(ticker_name, period):
  """
  Fetches historical stock data for a given ticker, period, and interval,
  then processes and renames the columns for consistency.

  Args:
      ticker_name (str): The stock ticker symbol (e.g., "AAPL").
      period (str): The period for which to fetch data (e.g., "1d", "5d", "1mo", "1y", "max").

  Returns:
      pd.DataFrame: A DataFrame containing the processed historical price data
                    with 'datetime', 'open', 'high', 'low', 'close' columns.
  """
  # Create a Ticker object for the given ticker symbol
  ticker = yf.Ticker(ticker_name)

  # Fetch historical data using the specified period and interval
  data = ticker.history(period=period, interval="1d")

  # Reset the index of the DataFrame. 'Date' will become a regular column instead of the index.
  data = data.reset_index(drop=False)

  # Select only the relevant columns: 'Date', 'Open', 'High', 'Low', 'Close'
  data = data[['Date', 'Open', 'High', 'Low', 'Close']]

  # Remove timezone information from the 'Date' column to simplify datetime handling.
  data['Date'] = data['Date'].dt.tz_localize(None)

  # Rename columns to a more consistent, lowercase format
  data.rename(columns={'Date': 'datetime', 'Open': 'open', 'High': 'high', 'Low': 'low', 'Close': 'close'}, inplace=True)

  # Convert the 'datetime' column to a standardised string format "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
  data['datetime'] = pd.to_datetime(data['datetime'], format="%Y-%m-%d").dt.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")

  # Return the processed DataFrame
  return data

ticker_name = "AAPL"
period = "max"
price_data = daily(ticker_name, period)

# For this example, predict if a trend has been identified for the last period
price_data.loc[price_data.index[-1], ['open', 'high', 'low', 'close']] = 0
print(price_data)

# Save APPL data to csv file
price_data.to_csv('AAPL_Daily.csv',index=False)

Binance - BTC/USDT 1 Second Data


import requests
import pandas as pd
import time
from datetime import datetime

def download_binance_historical_klines(symbol, interval, start_time, end_time, output_file=None):
    """
    Download historical klines (candlestick data) from Binance between two dates.
    
    Parameters:
    symbol (str): Trading pair symbol (e.g., 'BTCUSDT')
    interval (str): Kline interval (e.g., '15m', '1h', '1d')
    start_time (str): Start date in format 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS'
    end_time (str): End date in format 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS'
    output_file (str): Output file name (CSV)
    
    Returns:
    pandas.DataFrame: DataFrame with the historical klines data
    """
    # Convert time strings to timestamps in milliseconds
    start_ts = int(datetime.strptime(start_time, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S').timestamp() * 1000)
    end_ts = int(datetime.strptime(end_time, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S').timestamp() * 1000)
    
    # Base endpoint
    base_url = "https://api.binance.com/api/v3/klines"
    
    # Initialize empty list to store all klines
    all_klines = []
    
    # Binance limit is 1000 candles per request, so we need to make multiple requests
    # if the requested time period contains more than 1000 candles
    current_start = start_ts
    
    print(f"Downloading {symbol} {interval} data from {start_time} to {end_time}")
    
    while current_start < end_ts:
        # Parameters for the API request
        params = {
            'symbol': symbol,
            'interval': interval,
            'startTime': current_start,
            'endTime': end_ts,
            'limit': 1000  # Maximum limit allowed by Binance
        }
        
        # Make the request
        response = requests.get(base_url, params=params)
        
        # If the request was successful
        if response.status_code == 200:
            # Parse the response JSON
            klines = response.json()
            
            if not klines:
                break
                
            # Add klines to the list
            all_klines.extend(klines)
            
            # Update the start time for the next request
            # Use the timestamp of the last kline + 1 millisecond
            current_start = klines[-1][0] + 1
            
            # Print progress
            last_date = datetime.fromtimestamp(klines[-1][0]/1000).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
            print(f"Downloaded up to {last_date}, {len(all_klines)} records so far")
            
            # Respect rate limits (1200 requests per minute)
            time.sleep(0.05)
        else:
            print(f"Error: {response.status_code}, {response.text}")
            break
    
    # Create a DataFrame from the klines data
    columns = [
        'datetime', 'open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume',
        'close_time', 'quote_asset_volume', 'number_of_trades',
        'taker_buy_base_asset_volume', 'taker_buy_quote_asset_volume', 'ignore'
    ]
    df = pd.DataFrame(all_klines, columns=columns)
    
    # Convert timestamp columns to datetime
    df['datetime'] = pd.to_datetime(df['datetime'], unit='ms')
    df['close_time'] = pd.to_datetime(df['close_time'], unit='ms')
    
    # Convert price and volume columns to float
    numeric_columns = ['open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume', 
                       'quote_asset_volume', 'taker_buy_base_asset_volume', 
                       'taker_buy_quote_asset_volume']
    df[numeric_columns] = df[numeric_columns].astype(float)
    
    # Convert number_of_trades to int
    df['number_of_trades'] = df['number_of_trades'].astype(int)
    
    # Sort by timestamp
    df.sort_values('datetime', inplace=True)
    
    # Save to CSV if output_file is specified
    if output_file:
        df.to_csv(output_file, index=False)
        print(f"Data saved to {output_file}")
    
    return df

# Define parameters
symbol = 'BTCUSDT'
interval = '1s'  # 1 second

# Set your desired start and end dates here
start_time = '2025-06-01 00:00:00'
end_time = '2025-06-07 00:00:00'

# Download the data
price_data = download_binance_historical_klines(symbol, interval, start_time, end_time)

price_data.to_csv('BTCUSDT_1s.csv',index=False)

Binance Websocket - BTC/USDT 1 Minute Data


import websocket
import json
import threading
import time

# Binance WebSocket API endpoint for BTCUSDT 1-minute candlesticks

BINANCE_WS_URL = "wss://stream.binance.com:9443/ws/btcusdt@kline_1m"

def on_message(ws, message):
    """
    Callback function executed when a message is received from the WebSocket.
    It parses the JSON message and prints the new 1-minute candlestick data.
    """
    try:
        json_message = json.loads(message)

      
        kline = json_message['k']

        data = {'symbol': kline['s'],
                'interval': kline['i'],
                'open_time': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',time.localtime(kline['t'] / 1000)),
                'close_time': time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime(kline['T'] / 1000)),
                'open': kline['o'],
                'high': kline['h'],
                'low': kline['l'],
                'close': kline['c'],
                'volume': kline['v'],
                'number of trades': kline['n'],
                'closed': kline['x']}
                
        # Prints ticker info from Binance websocket
        print(data)

    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
        print(f"Error decoding JSON message: {e}")
    except KeyError as e:
        print(f"Missing key in message: {e}")
        print(f"Message: {message}")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"An unexpected error occurred: {e}")

def on_error(ws, error):
    """
    Callback function executed when a WebSocket error occurs.
    """
    print(f"Error: {error}")

def on_close(ws, close_status_code, close_msg):
    """
    Callback function executed when the WebSocket connection is closed.
    """
    print(f"Closed - Code: {close_status_code}, Message: {close_msg}")
    print("Attempting to reconnect in 5 seconds...")
    time.sleep(5)
    
    try:
        run_websocket()
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Failed to reconnect: {e}")

def on_open(ws):
    """
    Callback function executed when the WebSocket connection is successfully opened.
    """
    print('Connection opened...")
   
def run_websocket():
    """
    Initialises and runs the WebSocket client.
    """
    # Create a WebSocketApp instance
    ws_app = websocket.WebSocketApp(
        BINANCE_WS_URL,
        on_open=on_open,
        on_message=on_message,
        on_error=on_error,
        on_close=on_close
    )

    print(f"Connecting to Binance WebSocket at: {BINANCE_WS_URL}")
    ws_app.run_forever()

if __name__ == "__main__":
   
    # For a simple script, just run it directly
    run_websocket()

Code Examples

Python


# Install required libraries
import requests
import json
import pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import os 
from dotenv import load_dotenv

load_dotenv()
    
def time_series_dict(df, interval, interval_unit, reasoning_mode):
  """
  Converts a DataFrame with OHLC price data into a dictionary format.

  Parameters:
  df (DataFrame): DataFrame containing datetime and OHLC price columns
  interval (int): The time interval between data points
  interval_unit (str): The unit of time for intervals (seconds, minutes, days)
  reasoning_mode (str): Reasoning strategy (proactive or reactive)

  Returns:
  dict: Dictionary with lists of datetime and price data along with metadata
  """
  return {
      "datetime": df['datetime'].tolist(),  # Convert datetime column to list
      "open": df['open'].tolist(),          # Convert open prices to list
      "high": df['high'].tolist(),          # Convert high prices to list
      "low": df['low'].tolist(),            # Convert low prices to list
      "close": df['close'].tolist(),        # Convert close prices to list
      "interval": interval,                 # Time frequency value
      "interval_unit": interval_unit,       # Time unit (seconds, minutes, days)
      "reasoning_mode": reasoning_mode      # Reasoning approach (proactive/reactive)
  }


def dict_to_dataframe(response_dict):

  """
  Convert a nested dictionary to a pandas DataFrame with datetime and trend data.
  
  Takes a dictionary where keys are timestamp strings and values are dictionaries
  containing 'trend_identified' data. Returns a sorted DataFrame with datetime
  and trend_identified columns.
  
  Args:
     response_dict (dict): Dictionary with timestamp keys and nested dictionaries
                          containing 'trend_identified' values
  
  Returns:
     pd.DataFrame: DataFrame with 'datetime' and 'trend_identified' columns,
                  sorted by datetime in ascending order
  """
  
  # Create lists for datetime and trend_identified values
  datetimes = []
  trends = []
  
  # Extract values from the nested dictionary
  for timestamp, data in response_dict.items():
    datetimes.append(timestamp)
    trends.append(data['trend_identified'])
  
  # Create the DataFrame
  df = pd.DataFrame({
    'datetime': datetimes,
    'trend_identified': trends
  })
  
  # Convert datetime strings to pandas datetime objects
  df['datetime'] = pd.to_datetime(df['datetime'])
  
  # Sort by datetime
  df = df.sort_values('datetime')

  return df

price_data = pd.read_csv('AAPL_Daily.csv')

# For this example, predict if a trend has been identified for the last period
price_data.loc[price_data.index[-1], ['open', 'high', 'low', 'close']] = 0

# Select Last 5001 rows
last_5001_rows = price_data.tail(5001)

print(f"Forecasting whether a trend has been identified for {last_5001_rows['datetime'].iloc[-1]}...")

# Define Analysis Parameters
interval = 1
interval_unit = 'days'
reasoning_mode = 'reactive'

# Payload Construction
payload = time_series_dict(last_5001_rows, interval, interval_unit, reasoning_mode)

# Financial Time Series API Endpoint
url = "https://www.sumtyme.tech/agn-reasoning/ts"

# Send API Request
response = requests.post(url, json=payload,headers={"Content-Type": "application/json","X-API-Key":os.environ.get('apikey')})

# Processing the API Response
response_dict = response.json()

# Convert Response to DataFrame
analysis = dict_to_dataframe(response_dict)
print(analysis)

# Save Analysis to .csv file
analysis.to_csv('returned_analysis.csv',index=False)

API Reference

Developer Guides

Legal

Financial Time Series

Key Concepts

Data Structure

Quick Start: Download Price Data

Code Examples

API Reference

Developer Guides

Legal

​Key Concepts

​Data Structure

​Quick Start: Download Price Data

​Code Examples

Key Concepts

Data Structure

Quick Start: Download Price Data

Code Examples